Dilemma 1. Suppose the results of a final exam revealed very high grades for the students. How do you know which one of the following possibilities is true?

1. The students were exceptionally smart,
2. The exam was too simple,
3. The material was trivial, or
4. The professor was exceptionally efficient.

Dilemma 2. Now, consider a different situation in which the final exam revealed very low grades for the students. How do you know which one of the following possibilities is true?

1. The professor was inefficient,
2. The material was too complex,
3. The exam was too difficult, or
4. The students were bad.

Perhaps the objective answer depends on the circumstance. However, I strongly believe that, no matter the circumstance, a professor should never choose the 4th answer and a student should never choose the 1st one.